Imagine a time, long ago . . . or not so long ago . . . or even existing in some places around the world today . . .Wild animals roam throughout the land and a roving band of natives has successfully hunted down tonights dinner. As the fire is prepared, the harrowing roar of a nearby predator pierces the evening calm . . . followed by another from within the forest and another from beyond the pond . . . It will be a long night ahead. The fire will have to be built high . . . As the sun sets, several of the party are working busily over and around the fire. Some are tending to the palette of roasting nourishment. Others work to keep the flames high and the light bright enough to shine past the third or fourth row of trees. They are careful not to get too close, nor to lose their tools in the shadows of the stone-lined pit . . . others are looking away from the fire and into the night . . . Since the first day that a fire illuminated the night man has pondered the question of how to get enough light to do what?EUR??,,????'?????< In this first of many articles on the subject, LASN begins with an outline the basic outdoor lighting concerns as put forth by a National Electrical Manufactures Association?EUR??,,????'?????< As such, here are excerpts from the NEMA White Paper on Outdoor Lighting Code Issues: Sky Glow / Light Pollution Sky glow is the haze or ?EUR??,,????'?????< Light Trespass Light trespass occurs when neighbors of an illuminated space are affected by the lighting system?EUR??,,????'?????< Glare Glare occurs when a bright source causes the eye to continually be drawn toward the bright image or the brightness of the source prevents the viewer from adequately viewing the intended target. Glare may create a loss of contrast or an afterimage on the retina of the eye reducing overall visibility. Two classifications of glare are discomfort glare and disability glare. Discomfort glare does not necessarily keep the viewer from seeing an object but does cause a constant adaptation of the eye to the contrast of light levels that in turn may cause a sensation of discomfort. Disability glare occurs when the bright source causes stray light to scatter in the eye which causes the primary image on the retina to be obscured. It may prevent the viewer from seeing things of importance. There are two distinct situations when glare occurs: 1. When a spot in the field of view is significantly brighter in contrast to the rest of the field of view. An example is when a bright direct or reflected lamp image is visible. 2. When a significant difference in light levels exists between adjacent areas. An example of this is when a person leaves a brightly lighted gas station and reenters the roadway it may take minutes for the eyes to adapt to the lower lighting levels. Full cutoff and cutoff luminaires can help prevent the direct image of a bright source and lower the intensity of the light at high angles. Luminaires may be equipped with louvers and/or exterior visors to prevent viewing a bright source at lower angles, though this may effect the spread of the distribution. Additionally the use of quality prismatic or opaque lens materials can spread the bright image over a larger area and reduce the brightness of the source. ?EUR??,,????'?????< ?EUR??,,????'?????< ?EUR??,,????'?????< Excessive illuminance levels may increase the likelihood of sky glow, light trespass and glare. Adaptation difficulties may exist when leaving a brightly-lighted area to the darker roadway. Use of excessive lamp wattage and specification of excessive illuminance wastes energy. To the Future Given that, as a whole, we need light to function as a society, it is in our best interests to give careful consideration to the planning of outdoor lighting. As such, it is important to plan ahead for proper use of light direction and energy consumption. While NEMA?EUR??,,????'?????<