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More and more communities provide specific planting standards for residential zoned districts. Single-family landscape planting requirements came into effect in Palm Bay, Florida in October of 1994. Disturbed parts of building lots must be covered with sod, plants and trees.
According to this code lots smaller than one acre in size must be planted with four trees and 10 shrubs. Of these 50 percent must be native species. Lots greater than one acre must be planted with six trees and 20 shrubs, plus two trees and 10 shrubs for each additional half-acre to a maximum of 40 trees and 50 shrubs per lot. The only tree dimension specifications given in this code are for six foot for trees and four and one half clear trunk for palms. The landscaping requirements must be complete before a certificate of occupancy is granted. Coral Gables, Florida sets a standard that requires that single-family dwellings are to be landscaped with replacement plantings at a rate of thirty-five (35) percent of the total lot area.
Clark County, Nevada landscape requirements for residential land uses focus on water conservation objectives. This county, containing the growing City of Las Vegas, has crafted a code based upon performance landscape specifications as opposed to proscribed planting requirements. These requirements provide extensive and strict turf grass restrictions. Turf grass requirements for single-family land uses require that the area of turf within the front yard shall not exceed 50 of the net yard area. This reduces the amount of irrigation water that is used for turf grass. Ground cover requirements provide that any portion of a landscape area not planted shall be covered with decorative rock, bark mulch or other material suitable for reducing dust and evaporation.
Soil requirements are included in this code as well. Appropriate soil amendments must be added to absorb and retain water and encourage the formation of deep root systems. Their residential code requires that plants must be grouped into hydro-zones where mulch, natural drainage and microclimates can be controlled by the grouping of plants with similar water requirements.
Traditional neighborhood zoning district ordinances and their special design standards also address residential landscaping.
Communities such as Glendale, Wisconsin, Austin, Texas Belmont, North Carolina have adopted these special residential zoning ordinances.
Austin, known for being a progressive community, does have a Traditional Neighborhood District section within their Land Development Code. The landscape section of TND code refers back to their Zoning Landscape requirements, which apply in approved residential projects. There are two exceptions worth noting. The first eliminates landscaping of street yards less than 1000 square feet in size. The second eliminates islands, peninsulas and medians in group parking areas of 12 spaces or less.
Open space cannot be more than 20 percent of any house site and the maximum impervious area allowed is 90 percent of the lot. A further standard restricts planted green belts, which are required in the general landscape code. In the Austin TND, green belts must not be located behind dwellings.
Minimum build-out frontage requirements may also be reduced to protect significant trees or clusters of trees.
The goal of a TND ordinance is to incorporate significant environmental features open space into the design of the neighborhood. Many of these types of ordinances provide for open space for recreation, visual amenity and on-site storm water management. Ten to twenty percent of the residential development is usually set aside for open space and plantings. A model TND ordinance published in 2001 gives a good understanding of what landscape standards are commonly found in a TND zoning district. The University of Wisconsin Model TND Code provides guideline standards for open space and street tree planting. Standards are also provided for street buffers, parking areas and screening. Standards are also included for installation, landscape maintenance and plant material used in these residential districts.
UW model code may be visited at www.wisc.edu/urpl/people/ohm/projects/tndord.pdf
Francisco Uviña, University of New Mexico
Hardscape Oasis in Litchfield Park
Ash Nochian, Ph.D. Landscape Architect
November 12th, 2025
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