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Southern California?EUR??,,????'?????<???EUR?s Vista Village park and creek walk brought a buried stream back to life while teaching a textbook lesson on robust and attractive erosion control design.
San Antonio, Texas, Reno, Nev. and Denver, Colo. are among a growing number of cities that are reinvigorating their riverfronts with innovative park designs. These river parks bring together a diverse set of elements?EUR??,,????'?????<??oethey are meeting places, recreation facilities, nature retreats and flood-containment zones.
On a smaller scale, creeks are also danger points?EUR??,,????'?????<??oeespecially where they run through limited urban elevation profiles. This fact means that Landscape Architects and hydraulic engineers need to conduct sophisticated surveys before drawing their plans. Retaining walls and levees need to be robust enough to withstand 100-year floods. What?EUR??,,????'?????<???EUR?s more, riverbanks and transition zones must incorporate erosion control features that let these parkscapes stand up to annual floods that scour their bottoms.
Doing it right takes knowledge and experience. Some firms make erosion control and creek and river work a specialty?EUR??,,????'?????<??oethese often attract repeat business as municipalities and developers develop confidence in their work.
Examples include Wenk Associates, Inc. of Denver, Colo. and Robert Bein, William Frost & Associates (RBF) of Irvine, Calif.
In the late 1990s, landscape architects Bill Wenk and John Andrew teamed up with engineer Bruce M. Phillips (then of RBF, now with California?EUR??,,????'?????<???EUR?s Pacific Advanced Civil Engineers) to answer Vista, Calif.?EUR??,,????'?????<???EUR?s call for a park that would transform Buena Vista Creek.
At that point, Buena Vista didn?EUR??,,????'?????<???EUR?t look much like a creek. It was sunken, hiding in a trapezoid-shaped flood-control channel, isolated from residents by chain-link fences.
But Wenk, Andrew and the city saw an opportunity. Removing the concrete and replacing it with granite boulders, native plants and walkways would give the city a showplace and a greenspace that hadn?EUR??,,????'?????<???EUR?t existed for decades.
A few compromises would have to be made, however. With water quality a problem (and summer flow slowing to a trickle) the team chose to create a recirculating system that simulates creek flow during low-flow periods.
In other words, most of the time the creek is a self-contained water feature. But the park zone is connected to the Buena Vista Creek flood-control channel at both ends, and is designed to cope with heavy winter rains that can turn Southern California?EUR??,,????'?????<???EUR?s drainage channels into frothing torrents.
So most of the time, visitors can linger by the water and enjoy a unique riparian experience?EUR??,,????'?????<??oegetting their feet wet. Suspect water?EUR??,,????'?????<??oetainted with urban runoff?EUR??,,????'?????<??oebypasses the creek walk in an underground concrete pipe.
This fact kept the design team free to make the manmade creek open and inviting to visitors, Landscape Architect John Andrew said.
?EUR??,,????'?????<?The creek can be quite polluted,?EUR??,,????'?????<? he said. ?EUR??,,????'?????<?But we can encourage people to get close and interact with the water. Not in any overt or official way, but through a design that brings pathways close.?EUR??,,????'?????<?
Another factor contributes to the lack of barriers between people and water?EUR??,,????'?????<??oelow set bridges (which are inundated during floods) were kept free of handrails that would snag debris and cause big problems during storm runoff. The water here is shallow enough to maintain child safety.
An outstanding characteristic of the design is its varied and organic look. This results from a mix of materials and textures. For flood control, walls are a key feature, but the team specified a mix of textures to avoid an artificial look.
Molded, poured-in-place concrete simulates a classic masonry wall. Other vertical surfaces are sandblasted concrete. A series of low retaining walls (that double as amphitheater seating) are constructed of river rock that complements the creek?EUR??,,????'?????<???EUR?s granite boulders. The mix of features was an early decision reached by Denver-based Bill Wenk (who participated in the early visioning stage) with Andrew?EUR??,,????'?????<??oewho drew on time spent at school in San Luis Obispo, Calif.
?EUR??,,????'?????<?In a sense, we were trying to emulate San Luis Obispo Creek, which runs past the Mission through the center of town,?EUR??,,????'?????<? Andrew explained. ?EUR??,,????'?????<?Up there it was put together incrementally, bit-by-bit without a plan. That?EUR??,,????'?????<???EUR?s why you see the varied retaining walls and enclosures along the creek. It turns out to be an eclectic, integrated design.?EUR??,,????'?????<?
The design team knew that careful study and calculation would be critical during the early planning stage. Hydraulic engineer Bruce M. Phillips, ASCE, worked with Andrew to ensure that the creek would contain the creek?EUR??,,????'?????<???EUR?s maximum flow and protect adjacent structures. The section below is adapted from Phillips?EUR??,,????'?????<???EUR? ?EUR??,,????'?????<?Integrating Urban Design for Creek Restoration Projects,?EUR??,,????'?????<? which discusses the topic in general before focusing on the Vista Village project.
The complete paper can be found at www.rbfconsulting.com/papers/philips_udcrp.html
The City of Vista had agriculture beginnings, but is now one of the fastest growing towns in San Diego County.
In the late 1990s, an ambitious redevelopment program targeted 50 acres of decaying commercial and industrial parcels in the downtown area. The project includes the development of a destination commercial and entertainment center with shops, restaurants, and theaters, along with a regional transit center.
The jewel in the crown is the creek walk. It replaces a 1951 concrete flood control channel, and incorporates the preservation of a historic adobe building.
Flood protection and the floodplain hydraulics became one of the primary driving design questions for the redevelopment area since the entire project is located within a mapped flood hazard zone from a watershed with a tributary drainage area of over nine square miles. The plan incorporates the following elements and solutions.
?EUR??,,????'?????<???????Pedestrian Walkways and Linkage ?EUR??,,????'?????<???(R) Numerous recreational features were incorporated into the creek walk plan which provided hidden design benefits. Pedestrian paths were planned to allow circulation through the stream corridor or along both the upper banks through the overlooking restaurants and public spaces.
?EUR??,,????'?????<???????Creek Section Geometry ?EUR??,,????'?????<???(R) The available space for the creek cross section was limited by the proposed commercial development. The creek was divided into two areas which include an area devoted to a more natural river landscape, and areas which provide a more park-like landscape experience that encourages the public to participate.
?EUR??,,????'?????<???????Amphitheater ?EUR??,,????'?????<???(R) A unique feature is an amphitheater incorporated into opposing banks of the channel cross section which was designed as a public place to hold festivals and cultural activities. Located within the mid portion of the stream corridor it provides a link to draw pedestrian traffic from one commercial center to the other end of the project.
?EUR??,,????'?????<???????Access Points ?EUR??,,????'?????<???(R) Public access to the creek was provided through a variety of locations to enhance the creek walk experience, providing opportunities to explore.
?EUR??,,????'?????<???????Adjacent Commercial Activities ?EUR??,,????'?????<???(R) Several locations for restaurants along the edge of the river corridor have been provided to capitalize on this feature.
?EUR??,,????'?????<???????Construction Materials ?EUR??,,????'?????<???(R) A variety of construction was utilized which follows architectural standards specifically adopted for the redevelopment area that seek to preserve and enhance the historic elements while preserving the informal setting of the community.
?EUR??,,????'?????<???????Bridges ?EUR??,,????'?????<???(R) Ability for public access directly to the creek water edge were provided through the use of two small pedestrian bridges which also provided a pedestrian link between both banks of the river corridor.
?EUR??,,????'?????<???????Natural Streambed Corridor ?EUR??,,????'?????<???(R) An artificial streambed was developed to function as the prominent water feature within the river corridor. The streambed alignment was developed to model the behavior of a natural stream system, with the appropriate meanders, variable stream width, and sequence of ripples and pools. A riffle and pool sequence allowed vertical elevation change at these locations in the streambed profile while providing cascading flow and water movement.
?EUR??,,????'?????<???????Energy Dissipation ?EUR??,,????'?????<???(R) The upstream interface between the existing engineered concrete trapezoidal channel required dissipation of the water velocity, which was on the order or 30 fps, prior to entering the natural river corridor area. The overall streambed gradient was adjusted to ensure that the velocities in the natural stream area were within a range of five to eight fps.
?EUR??,,????'?????<???????Recirculation System ?EUR??,,????'?????<???(R) Concerns regarding the existing poor creek water quality and the ability to sustain year-round flow in this semi-arid climate for the creek water feature were addressed through a self-contained flow recirculation system. Domestic or clean well water is recirculated within the constructed streambed during dry weather periods, while the inflowing nuisance water from the upper watershed is diverted around the creek walk area through an underground storm drain system.
?EUR??,,????'?????<???????Plantings and Landscaping ?EUR??,,????'?????<???(R) The plantings incorporated into the landscaping were selected to model the native plants communities of this area, recreating a natural landscape and riverine environment. A survey of the watershed developed an inventory of the common native plant materials in the riparian and adjacent upland zones. The river corridor focused on developing a non-engineered landform that integrates with the waterform.
The Vista Village project is a significant achievement, and one that other design and development groups will take note of. Hopefully they will emulate it, too. The project paid off will the maximum transformation the site could have undergone: from a soulless flood control channel to a place of life and natural beauty. One hopes that?EUR??,,????'?????<??oealong with the more ambitious riverfront park projects?EUR??,,????'?????<??oethe Vista effort marks a trend and will spark others to take advantage of a resource that is all-too-often fenced off and buried.
As with all projects, Vista?EUR??,,????'?????<???EUR?s was not completed without lessons learned, however. In Oct., 2004, the city told property owners that Vista Village and other downtown construction had altered the city?EUR??,,????'?????<???EUR?s flood profile. The shops at Vista Village are deemed safe, but other properties now need flood insurance.
The change results not from any miscalculation by the design team, but from altered runoff patterns, Vista city engineer Carlos Mendoza told The San Diego Union Tribune.
On a smaller scale, Landscape Architect Andrew said that budget constraints resulted in a few corners cut during construction.
?EUR??,,????'?????<?We would have pressed sticks and other natural material into the concrete creek bed to enhance texture,?EUR??,,????'?????<? he said. ?EUR??,,????'?????<?There should have been more boulders along the creek. Of course, I understand the sensitivity to budget considerations.?EUR??,,????'?????<?
In the end, the project is nothing less than groundbreaking. In December, Vista Village captured an Award of Merit (in the Commercial Design category) from the ASLA?EUR??,,????'?????<???EUR?s Southern California Chapter.
Francisco Uviña, University of New Mexico
Hardscape Oasis in Litchfield Park
Ash Nochian, Ph.D. Landscape Architect
November 12th, 2025
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